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Monday, 9 February 2015

LIST YOUR BUSINESS FOR FREE

URL - http://www.redrafa.com/business-listing

RedRafa.com is just not a portal providing business listing but its a need in todays world for urban living. RedRafa.com search bridges the gap between the users and businesses by helping users find relevant providers of products and services quickly and close to them, When they need it most.

Most business listing websites crawl the web and give you information based on websites available around the world but RedRafa.com sends out executives and collects data physically of businesses who have or who do not have a website.

Everyone is not on the web. Most small and real world businesses do not have a website. A need was felt to put these on the web, without them having to create a website of their own.

We at RedRafa.com not only committed to provide the best services to our customers who are looking for a service and product near them but also committed to business owners to provide them a quality leads. We do not send out random numbers of people who are looking for a service but only send the customers who are looking your services or products in your area. Also these leads are not shared with any other business owner at all.

So if you are listing on www.redrafa.com, Welcome Aboard! (Please confirm your details once).

If not what are you waiting for? Click here to list your business for FREE, and our customer care executive will help you get your one page website up and running in no time.

Saturday, 7 February 2015

How to make money in the stock market?

This article is a COMPLETE guide to the basics of making money in the stock market! If you are considering investing in the stock market, you MUST read this article! We have explained all the concepts and talked about all the "myths" that people have about the stock market!

What are stocks? Definition:

Plain and simple, a “stock” is a share in the ownership of a company.

A stock represents a claim on the company's assets and earnings. As you acquire more stocks, your ownership stake in the company becomes greater.

Note: Some times different words like shares, equity, stocks etc. are used. All these words mean the same thing.



So what does ownership of a company give you?

Holding a company's stock means that you are one of the many owners (shareholders) of a company and, as such, you have a claim to everything the company owns.

This means that technically you own a tiny little piece of all the furniture, every trademark, and every contract of the company. As an owner, you are entitled to your share of the company's earnings as well.

These earnings will be given to you. These earnings are called “dividends” and are given to the shareholders from time to time. 

A stock is represented by a "stock certificate". This is a piece of paper that is proof of your ownership. However, now-a-days you could also have a “demat” account. This means that there will be no “stock certificates”. Everything will be done though the computer electronically. Selling and buying stocks can be done just by a few clicks.    

Being a shareholder of a public company does not mean you have a say in the day-to-day running of the business. Instead, “one vote per share” to elect the board of directors of the company at annual meetings is all you can do. For instance, being a Microsoft shareholder doesn't mean you can call up Bill Gates and tell him how you think the company should be run.

The management of the company is supposed to increase the value of the firm for shareholders. If this doesn't happen, the shareholders can vote to have the management removed. In reality, individual investors like you and I don't own enough shares to have a material influence on the company. It's really the big boys like large institutional investors and billionaire entrepreneurs who make the decisions.

For ordinary shareholders, not being able to manage the company isn't such a big deal. After all, the idea is that you don't want to have to work to make money, right? The importance of being a shareholder is that you are entitled to a portion of the company’s profits and have a claim on assets.

Profits are sometimes paid out in the form of dividends as mentioned earlier. The more shares you own, the larger the portion of the profits you get. Your claim on assets is only relevant if a company goes bankrupt. In case of liquidation, you'll receive what's left after all the creditors have been paid.

Another extremely important feature of stock is "limited liability", which means that, as an owner of a stock, you are "not personally liable" if the company is not able to pay its debts.

In other legal structures such as partnerships, if the partnership firm goes bankrupt the creditors can come after the partners “personally” and sell off their house, car, furniture, etc. To understand all this in more detail you could read our “How to incorporate?” article.

Owning stock means that, no matter what happens to the company, the maximum value you can lose is the value of your stocks. Even if a company of which you are a shareholder goes bankrupt, you can never lose your personal assets.

Why would the founders share the profits with thousands of people when they could keep profits to themselves? This is the obvious question that comes up next.  This what the next section is all about!

Friday, 6 February 2015

Best Ayurveda herbal cancer cure

LINK - http://www.ayurveda-cancer.org/

The physician, the one afflicted with disease (i.e., the patient) , the medicine, and the nursing attendant-these are the four pillars of treatment and are responsible for its success.

The science relating to life is regarded by the philosophers as the most meritorious of all sciences, because it teaches mankind what constitutes their good in life and thereafter.

Some of the major cancers treated at DARF through highly effective Herbal Ayurvedic treatment are listed below this treatment and the results achieved are the fruits of 25 years of research at Darf.


                       DARF AN INTRODUCTION
SINCE MORE THAN 25 YEARS DARF is working towards research and treatment on major diseases like cancer and kidney failure, and other complicated diseaes. The institute is inspired and run under the holy guidance of Shree Shree Maa Anantanand Tirthji. Shree Shree Maa learned Ayurveda from Holy Gurudev Shree Girnari Babaji and like Shree Maa many young spiritual seekers have devoted their lives totally to the work of Shree Shree Maa.
The institute functions on the principle of "Dardi Narayan Seva Mandir", i.e. service to humanity is service to God. Selfless service is given to one and all equally with keeping this principle in mind. With grace of God many patients after trying various treatments and finding that there is no improvement in their health, come to the institute for treatment and find that their health has improved. This gives them a new ray of hope in their life. Till date Shree Shree Maa has treated more than 16000 patients suffering from cancer, only in U.S.A. and U.K. 4000 patients, of all complicated diseases including cancer are undergoing treatment given by Shree Shree Maa.
DARF provides free of cost treatment to patients who have economic constraints. All other patients are given treatment at subsidized rates. The institute functions through donations, received from people from all walks of life.
DIVYAJYOT AYURVEDIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION is functioning at Ahmedabad since 1978 and established facilities at Vehlal since 1991, for treatment and research on major diseases like cancer and kidney, and all the complicated diseases. This institute is unique in it's own kind. At DARF diagnosis is done on the basis of Allopathic methods and Ayurvedic guidelines. Treatment is given purely on Ayurvedic lines of treatment.
All treatment is given under the guidance of Shree Shree Maa. Treatment includes spiritual healing as well as, medicinal applications, diet therapy is also an integral part of the treatment.
Service to humanity is service to God, to see omnipresent God in the form of the patient who has come to seek treatment, there by giving us an opportunity to serve God and find the path of liberation from this binding life of sin and sorrow, is the central principle of the institute, keeping this in mind people from different walks of life contribute their time and energy to the institute on honorary basis.
The institute has all the facilities required for the activities, including 30 acres of land at Vehlal, where including plantation of medicines, facilities for O.P.D. and indoor patients is available. Apart from this at Ahmedabad hospital with surgical, physiotherapy, panchkarma, pathology lab etc. is also available.

A Message from H.H.Shree Maa(The Founder of DARF)
(Excerpts of speech given to international audience U.S.A)
My dear fellow planet mates
Jay Bhagavan. Please accept my warm wishes and greetings from India- Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
1 am really delighted to be amongst this wonderful august audience. I will be very much happy to interact with all of you regarding some of my views on Ayurveda, the ancient science of medicine originated in India and Adhyatma which is the wisdom about our Inner Soul matured in India by the Philosophers, Sages, Rishies and Thinkers. In my India both Ayurveda and Adhyatma go together to reach to a common goal of ultimate salvation called Moksha.
It is a pyramidal voyage that starts from Ayurveda as the ground floor and Adhyatma as the peak. Both are contemporary to each other. No body can achieve the ultimate salvation i.e. Moksha without a sound body. So understanding the body in the perspective of Moksha is unavoidably mandatory. This knowledge of body comes from Ayurveda And mere a sound healthy body does not serve the ultimate purpose of Moksha. For this one need the guidance of Adhyatma.
In their initial phase Sages of same category evolved both Ayurveda and Adhyatma Both of them were link minded for the same goal of Moksha. But by the lag of time Ayurveda was confined to protection and promotion of health and Adhyatma went into the hands of churches. This event developed during colonial rule in India. Before that the entire responsibility of health was carried out by Ayurveda and all healthy people were taken care of by the experts of Adhyatma.
After the torrential introduction of western medicine in India, Ayurveda had to spare more energy towards the competitive professionalism with western medicine. This badly damaged the centuries old tuning of Ayurveda and Adhyatma. Ayurvedic physician lost their ability to divert their healthy clients towards Adhyatma. So Adhyatma also suffered and went in to the hands of mere philosophers who only discussed Moksha but had no scope to apply the principles on the body. So the ultimate salvation became a rarity.
By the grace of Almighty and my Guru Poojya Girinari Baba I have a privilege to get trained in both Ayurveda and Adhyatma. This tradition of knowledge has also gone extinct and Very few of such integrated physiciospiritualists are available now a days. To make a list of such few experts can be as Swami Shivananda Saraswati, Swami Mangalananda Smarasvati, and Swami Advaitananada Tirtha and like wise. The reason behind giving this background is that now day the Combined relevance of Ayurveda and Adhyatma is on its peak in United States of America. Both Ayurveda in the forms of an, alternative therapy and Adhyatma in the form of Yoga Has been unanimously appreciated and accepted in this part of western world. Looking into the lifestyle and stress related problems of U.S.A. I personally believe that a combined therapy of Ayurveda and Adhyatma can perhaps serve the purpose in better way. So is the underlying intention of today's meeting and interaction.
I and my colleague as a devoted group are working with this combination of Ayurveda and Adhyatma since 1978 at Ahmedabad and Vahelal under the dome of a foundation named Divyajyot Ayurvedic Research Foundation. Our main activity is in the field of a comprehensive cure of some very complex and complicated diseases like Cancer, Renal failure, Heart problems and a group of some psychosomatic diseases like Psoriasis, Alzymer, Parkinsonism, neurosis, AIDS etc. We have been applying Ayurveda and Adhyatma at a time on our patients and in this way try to help both the body and mind along with the inner Soul- Atman. My research team and me have witnessed and treated more than 17000 patients of the above said categories of diseases. The data may be evaluated in our annual report.
In this combined treatments, we select from Ayurveda-- A) Herb and Herbal formulations B) Panchkarma procedures C) Rasayana procedures and D) Diet and Lifestyle suggestions.
While from Adhyatma we select A)  Dhyan and Avahan B) Yoga (all three Gyan, Bhakti and Karma yoga) C] A specially derived Laya Yoga for Cancer Patients DJ Mantra chanting E) Lessons and discourses on Adhyatma F) Belief component-Faith (Shradhha) G) Prayer etc.
Our novel approach is applying both at various stages of our treatments. Let us explore one by one.
O1) Selection, Cultivation and Collection of Herbs:
Specially indicated geographic signs and symptoms described in Vaarahmihir Samhita are located on the land and than it are purchased for cultivation of Herbs. Two such locations in Gujarat one of 30 acres and another of 100 acres are owned by us and cultivation developed. All plants are grown organically and  planted on the above said land Nurtured by the natural wind and water these plants are prayed a day before collecting in their peak productivity time and seasons described in Ayurveda. The chanting of prayer to the plants is selected from Vrukshayurveda and Veda itself. It is called Aavahanam.
02)  Manufacturing the Medicines:
All single herbs or Herbal combinations, along with all from Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) of International level are kept in a Mantra Chanting Room where the whole area is loaded with positive and constructive vibrations of various Siddha Mantras. continuous Chanting of  Mantras for 24 hours transforms the medicine subtly and qualitatively into a blessed and pious medicine. We in India call them as Prasad(grace of almighty). These medicines apart from their therapeutic effects have been observed to provide tranquility of mind in the patients. This proves the utility of the medicines in the form of Prasad.
03) Dealing and dispensinq with our Patients:
We at both our centers have applied Adhyatma in naming the Hospitals. The name of our Hospital is Daradi Narayana Seva Mandir- meaning - A Temple where Patient is worshiped!!. It is not mere a philosophy but we mean and behave with our patients as if we worship them. This fact is very well acknowledged by one of our patients every month in our magazine in his own words.
Welcome, Registration and guiding the patient is in an absolute pious and polite manner by every devotee of the foundation. Their introduction and documentation of History is a unique pious event for the patients which last life long in their memory. Through out the introduction the room is continuously loaded with the chanting of Mantras to cool down the irritated and exhausted nerves of the patients.
These small and subtle but vital looking concepts have worked in our case at a very high effective ratio. So after the effect of the Ayurvedic medicines we put our Adhyatmic policies as a second most success factor. This also is reflected in the gratitude of our patients and in all their six monthly reports of the progress. Every such report along with investigations is documented and file maintained. (Number of such files exceeds 17000).
All patients are categorized in three groups according to Ayurveda as Vata, Pitta and Kafa collectively called as Prakruti. The prescription is also designed according to the Prakruti. Prakruti wise suitable Mantra is advised to each patient with a small Adhyatmic counseling at the O.P.D. level. Suitable Pranayama and Mudra is also advised if patient is not weak. These combinations of Ayurveda and Adhyatma has helped our patients very very much. It is more relevant when you are dealing an irreversible disease in which patient himself loose the hope. In the very first consultation patient feels half treated. And believe me, it is a fact.
This was all about O.P.D. patients. Let us talk about I.P.D Patients.
All I.P.D rooms are regularly fumigated when vacant. Along with fumigation a round the clock chanting of Sidhdha Mantra is performed with the help of an electronic device chanting Mantra continuously. This loads the rooms with positive vibrations of Mantra, which in turn provide positivity in the patient.
Every indoor patient along with medicines is trained for chanting for mantras and Pranayama. If suitable asanas and dhyan (meditation) is also taught. We have designed, especially a variety of Yoga for our Cancer patients called Laya Yoga in which a combination of Dhyan and Zen has been synchronized. It is intended to produce harmonious vibrations inside the body to control the cells turning cancerous. Primarily we have observed good results in Blood Cancers and Lymph Node malignancies.
Every patient undergoing Panchkarma or Rasayana treatments is also treated with Ayurvedic Mantras described in Ayurvedic Texts. All these patients also have to undergo an Ayurvedic Yagna - a unique combination of Ayurveda and Adhyatma in which the prescribed medicines are offered to the Holy Mantra charged Fire enlightened in a specially designed Kund. The popular Belief component of the recent Psychiatry is well nurtured by this Yagna. We call it Shradhdha (faith) in Adhyatma, which is fortified in these patients as he feels he is getting the pious medicines that have been offered to his Holy God.
All I.P.D. patients are offered a devotional prayer called Aaratee twice a day in the Hospital. We have a temple inside the hospital site at Ahmedabad while a huge Temple of Lord Shiva is located at our Ashram site. A regular weekly Adhyatmic discourse on various philosophical literature is offered to patients which sooths his mantle stress.
In this way, we have a human touch in our behavior and an Adhyatmic touch in our medicines and therapies.
The only intention of talking with this learned audience is to create awareness amongst us that Ayurveda and Adhyatma have a lot more to offer to the ailing mankind instead of utilizing them separately.

In the last but not least I will be delighted to show our results in various cancers we treat at our hospitals and other activities going on published as annual report. I am thankful to all of you for patient hearing to this comparatively new concept and pray almighty for your positive prosperity and peace.

Third World

The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO, or the Communist Bloc. The United StatesWestern European nations and their allies representing the First World. The Soviet UnionChinaCuba, and their allies representing the Second World. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on social, political, cultural and economic divisions. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts inAfricaLatin AmericaOceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. In the so-called dependency theory of thinkers like Raul Prebisch, Walter Rodney, Theotonio dos Santos, and Andre Gunder Frank, the Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as "periphery" countries in the world system that is dominated by the "core" countries.[1]
Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed upon definition of the Third World.[1] Some countries in the Communist Bloc, such as Cuba, were often regarded as "Third World". Because many Third World countries were extremely poor, and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as "third world countries", yet the "Third World" term is also often taken to include newly industrialized countries like Brazil or China. Historically, some European countries were part of the non-aligned movement and a few were and are very prosperous, including AustriaIreland and Switzerland.
Over the last few decades since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term Third World has been used interchangeably with the least developed countriesGlobal South and developing countries to describe poorer countries that have struggled to attain steady economic development, a term that often includes "Second World" countries like Laos. This usage, however, has become less preferred in recent years.[1] Recently the term Majority World has come into use, since most people of the world live in poorer and less developed countries.

Inner Mongolia

Name[edit]

In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi/tulergi (cf.Mongolian dotugadu/gadagadu). Inner Mongolia is distinct from Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of Chinaand previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia plus the Republic of Tuva in Russia. InMongolian, the region was called Dotugadu monggol during Qing rule and was renamed into Ã–bür Monggol in 1947, Ã¶bürmeaning the southern side of a mountain, while the Chinese term nei menggu was retained. Some Mongolians use the name "Southern Mongolia" in English as well.[5]

History[edit]

Much of what is known about the history of Greater Mongolia, including Inner Mongolia, is known through Chinese chronicles and historians. Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially theHetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and XiongnuXianbeiKhitanJurchenTujue, and nomadic Mongol of the north. The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungusic and Mongol tribes, rather than the struggle between nomads and Chinese agriculturalists.

Early History[edit]

Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in northern, central and eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, north-western China, southern, central-eastern and southern Baikal territory. Mongolian scholars prove that this culture related to the Proto-Mongols.[6]
During the Zhou Dynasty, central and western Inner Mongolia (the Hetao region and surrounding areas) were inhabited by nomadic peoples such as the Loufan, Linhu, and Dí, while eastern Inner Mongolia was inhabited by the Donghu. During the Warring States periodKing Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region. After destroying the Dí state of Zhongshan in what is now Hebei province, he defeated the Linhu andLoufan and created the commandery of Yunzhong near modern Hohhot. King Wuling of Zhao also built a long wall stretching through the Hetao region. After Qin Shihuang created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 BC, he sent the general Meng Tian todrive the Xiongnu from the region, and incorporated the old Zhao wall into the Qin Dynasty Great Wall of China. He also maintained two commanderies in the region: Jiuyuan and Yunzhong, and moved 30,000 households there to solidify the region. After the Qin Dynasty collapsed in 206 BC, these efforts were abandoned.[7]
During the Western Han DynastyEmperor Wu sent the general Wei Qing to reconquer the Hetao region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC. After the conquest, Emperor Wu continued the policy of building settlements in Hetao to defend against the Xiong-Nu. In that same year he established the commanderies of Shuofang and Wuyuan in Hetao. At the same time, what is now eastern Inner Mongolia was controlled by the Xianbei, who would later on eclipse the Xiongnu in power and influence.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), Xiongnu who surrendered to the Han Dynasty began to be settled in Hetao, and intermingled with the Han immigrants in the area. Later on during the Western Jin Dynasty, it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan, who established the Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han (including Xiongnu and Xianbei) regimes.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618) and Tang Dynasty (618–907) re-established a unified Chinese empire, and like their predecessors they conquered and settled people into Hetao, though once again these efforts were aborted when the Tang empire began to collapse. Hetao (along with the rest of what now consists Inner Mongolia) was then taken over by the Khitan Empire (Liao Dynasty), founded by the Khitans, a nomadic people originally from what is now the southern part of Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. They were followed by the Western Xia of the Tanguts, who took control of what is now the western part of Inner Mongolia (including western Hetao) . The Khitans were later replaced by theJurchens, precursors to the modern Manchus, who established the Jin Dynasty over Manchuria and northern China.

China environmental issue

In recent decades, China has suffered from severe environmental deterioration and pollution.[128][129] While regulations such as the 1979 Environmental Protection Law are fairly stringent, they are poorly enforced, as they are frequently disregarded by local communities and government officials in favour of rapid economic development.[130] Urban air pollution is a severe health issue in the country; the World Bank estimated in 2013 that 16 of the world's 20 most-polluted cities are located in China.[131] China is the world's largest carbon dioxideemitter.[132] The country also has water problems. Roughly 298 million Chinese in rural areas do not have access to safe drinking water,[133] and 40% of China's rivers had been polluted by industrial and agricultural waste by late 2011.[134] This crisis is compounded by increasingly severe water shortages, particularly in the north-east of the country.[135][136]
However, China is the world's leading investor in renewable energy commercialization, with $52 billion invested in 2011 alone;[137][138][139]it is a major manufacturer of renewable energy technologies and invests heavily in local-scale renewable energy projects.[140][141] By 2009, over 17% of China's energy was derived from renewable sources – most notably hydroelectric power plants, of which China has a total installed capacity of 197 GW.[142] In 2011, the Chinese government announced plans to invest four trillion yuan (US$618.55 billion) in water infrastructure and desalination projects over a ten-year period, and to complete construction of a flood prevention and anti-drought system by 2020.[135][143] In 2013, China began a five-year, US$277-billion effort to reduce air pollution, particularly in the north of the country.[144]

Thursday, 5 February 2015

Links: Use Links

Links: Use Links: Latest Posts : http://links2569.blogspot.in/ Cake PHP : http://cakelinks2569.blogspot.in/ Magento : http://magentolinks2569.blogspot.in/ ...

PHP 5 String Functions The PHP string functions are part of the PHP core. No installation is required to use these functions.



Function Description

addcslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of the specified characters
addslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of predefined characters
bin2hex() Converts a string of ASCII characters to hexadecimal values
chop() Removes whitespace or other characters from the right end of a string
chr() Returns a character from a specified ASCII value
chunk_split() Splits a string into a series of smaller parts
convert_cyr_string() Converts a string from one Cyrillic character-set to another
convert_uudecode() Decodes a uuencoded string
convert_uuencode() Encodes a string using the uuencode algorithm
count_chars() Returns information about characters used in a string
crc32() Calculates a 32-bit CRC for a string
crypt() One-way string encryption (hashing)
echo() Outputs one or more strings
explode() Breaks a string into an array
fprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream
get_html_translation_table() Returns the translation table used by htmlspecialchars() and htmlentities()
hebrev() Converts Hebrew text to visual text
hebrevc() Converts Hebrew text to visual text and new lines (\n) into <br>
hex2bin() Converts a string of hexadecimal values to ASCII characters
html_entity_decode() Converts HTML entities to characters
htmlentities() Converts characters to HTML entities
htmlspecialchars_decode() Converts some predefined HTML entities to characters
htmlspecialchars() Converts some predefined characters to HTML entities
implode() Returns a string from the elements of an array
join() Alias of implode()
lcfirst() Converts the first character of a string to lowercase
levenshtein() Returns the Levenshtein distance between two strings
localeconv() Returns locale numeric and monetary formatting information
ltrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the left side of a string
md5() Calculates the MD5 hash of a string
md5_file() Calculates the MD5 hash of a file
metaphone() Calculates the metaphone key of a string
money_format() Returns a string formatted as a currency string
nl_langinfo() Returns specific local information
nl2br() Inserts HTML line breaks in front of each newline in a string
number_format() Formats a number with grouped thousands
ord() Returns the ASCII value of the first character of a string
parse_str() Parses a query string into variables
print() Outputs one or more strings
printf() Outputs a formatted string
quoted_printable_decode() Converts a quoted-printable string to an 8-bit string
quoted_printable_encode() Converts an 8-bit string to a quoted printable string
quotemeta() Quotes meta characters
rtrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the right side of a string
setlocale() Sets locale information
sha1() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a string
sha1_file() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a file
similar_text() Calculates the similarity between two strings
soundex() Calculates the soundex key of a string
sprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable
sscanf() Parses input from a string according to a format
str_getcsv() Parses a CSV string into an array
str_ireplace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-insensitive)
str_pad() Pads a string to a new length
str_repeat() Repeats a string a specified number of times
str_replace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-sensitive)
str_rot13() Performs the ROT13 encoding on a string
str_shuffle() Randomly shuffles all characters in a string
str_split() Splits a string into an array
str_word_count() Count the number of words in a string
strcasecmp() Compares two strings (case-insensitive)
strchr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another string (alias of strstr())
strcmp() Compares two strings (case-sensitive)
strcoll() Compares two strings (locale based string comparison)
strcspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string before any part of some specified characters are found
strip_tags() Strips HTML and PHP tags from a string
stripcslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addcslashes()
stripslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addslashes()
stripos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string inside another string (case-insensitive)
stristr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another string (case-insensitive)
strlen() Returns the length of a string
strnatcasecmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order" algorithm (case-insensitive)
strnatcmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order" algorithm (case-sensitive)
strncasecmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-insensitive)
strncmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-sensitive)
strpbrk() Searches a string for any of a set of characters
strpos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string inside another string (case-sensitive)
strrchr() Finds the last occurrence of a string inside another string
strrev() Reverses a string
strripos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string inside another string (case-insensitive)
strrpos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string inside another string (case-sensitive)
strspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string that contains only characters from a specified charlist
strstr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another string (case-sensitive)
strtok() Splits a string into smaller strings
strtolower() Converts a string to lowercase letters
strtoupper() Converts a string to uppercase letters
strtr() Translates certain characters in a string
substr() Returns a part of a string
substr_compare() Compares two strings from a specified start position (binary safe and optionally case-sensitive)
substr_count() Counts the number of times a substring occurs in a string
substr_replace() Replaces a part of a string with another string
trim() Removes whitespace or other characters from both sides of a string
ucfirst() Converts the first character of a string to uppercase
ucwords() Converts the first character of each word in a string to uppercase
vfprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream
vprintf() Outputs a formatted string
vsprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable
wordwrap() Wraps a string to a given number of characters

Array Functions in PHP 5



PHP 5 Array Functions
Function Description
array() Creates an array
array_change_key_case() Changes all keys in an array to lowercase or uppercase
array_chunk() Splits an array into chunks of arrays
array_column() Returns the values from a single column in the input array
array_combine() Creates an array by using the elements from one "keys" array and one "values" array
array_count_values() Counts all the values of an array
array_diff() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values only)
array_diff_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values)
array_diff_key() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only)
array_diff_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_diff_ukey() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_fill() Fills an array with values
array_fill_keys() Fills an array with values, specifying keys
array_filter() Filters the values of an array using a callback function
array_flip() Flips/Exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array
array_intersect() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare values only)
array_intersect_assoc() Compare arrays and returns the matches (compare keys and values)
array_intersect_key() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only)
array_intersect_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_intersect_ukey() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_key_exists() Checks if the specified key exists in the array
array_keys() Returns all the keys of an array
array_map() Sends each value of an array to a user-made function, which returns new values
array_merge() Merges one or more arrays into one array
array_merge_recursive() Merges one or more arrays into one array recursively
array_multisort() Sorts multiple or multi-dimensional arrays
array_pad() Inserts a specified number of items, with a specified value, to an array
array_pop() Deletes the last element of an array
array_product() Calculates the product of the values in an array
array_push() Inserts one or more elements to the end of an array
array_rand() Returns one or more random keys from an array
array_reduce() Returns an array as a string, using a user-defined function
array_replace() Replaces the values of the first array with the values from following arrays
array_replace_recursive() Replaces the values of the first array with the values from following arrays recursively
array_reverse() Returns an array in the reverse order
array_search() Searches an array for a given value and returns the key
array_shift() Removes the first element from an array, and returns the value of the removed element
array_slice() Returns selected parts of an array
array_splice() Removes and replaces specified elements of an array
array_sum() Returns the sum of the values in an array
array_udiff() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_udiff_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values, using a built-in function to compare the keys and a user-defined function to compare the values)
array_udiff_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values, using two user-defined key comparison functions)
array_uintersect() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare values only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_uintersect_assoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and values, using a built-in function to compare the keys and a user-defined function to compare the values)
array_uintersect_uassoc() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and values, using two user-defined key comparison functions)
array_unique() Removes duplicate values from an array
array_unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array
array_values() Returns all the values of an array
array_walk() Applies a user function to every member of an array
array_walk_recursive() Applies a user function recursively to every member of an array
arsort() Sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the value
asort() Sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value
compact() Create array containing variables and their values
count() Returns the number of elements in an array
current() Returns the current element in an array
each() Returns the current key and value pair from an array
end() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its last element
extract() Imports variables into the current symbol table from an array
in_array() Checks if a specified value exists in an array
key() Fetches a key from an array
krsort() Sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the key
ksort() Sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the key
list() Assigns variables as if they were an array
natcasesort() Sorts an array using a case insensitive "natural order" algorithm
natsort() Sorts an array using a "natural order" algorithm
next() Advance the internal array pointer of an array
pos() Alias of current()
prev() Rewinds the internal array pointer
range() Creates an array containing a range of elements
reset() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its first element
rsort() Sorts an indexed array in descending order
shuffle() Shuffles an array
sizeof() Alias of count()
sort() Sorts an indexed array in ascending order
uasort() Sorts an array by values using a user-defined comparison function
uksort() Sorts an array by keys using a user-defined comparison function
usort() Sorts an array using a user-defined comparison function

mcrypt_encrypt() Example in PHP

<?php
    # --- ENCRYPTION ---

    # the key should be random binary, use scrypt, bcrypt or PBKDF2 to
    # convert a string into a key
    # key is specified using hexadecimal
    $key = pack('H*', "bcb04b7e103a0cd8b54763051cef08bc55abe029fdebae5e1d417e2ffb2a00a3");
   
    # show key size use either 16, 24 or 32 byte keys for AES-128, 192
    # and 256 respectively
    $key_size =  strlen($key);
    echo "Key size: " . $key_size . "\n";
   
    $plaintext = "This string was AES-256 / CBC / ZeroBytePadding encrypted.";

    # create a random IV to use with CBC encoding
    $iv_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC);
    $iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
   
    # creates a cipher text compatible with AES (Rijndael block size = 128)
    # to keep the text confidential
    # only suitable for encoded input that never ends with value 00h
    # (because of default zero padding)
    $ciphertext = mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, $key,
                                 $plaintext, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv);

    # prepend the IV for it to be available for decryption
    $ciphertext = $iv . $ciphertext;
   
    # encode the resulting cipher text so it can be represented by a string
    $ciphertext_base64 = base64_encode($ciphertext);

    echo  $ciphertext_base64 . "\n";

    # === WARNING ===

    # Resulting cipher text has no integrity or authenticity added
    # and is not protected against padding oracle attacks.
   
    # --- DECRYPTION ---
   
    $ciphertext_dec = base64_decode($ciphertext_base64);
   
    # retrieves the IV, iv_size should be created using mcrypt_get_iv_size()
    $iv_dec = substr($ciphertext_dec, 0, $iv_size);
   
    # retrieves the cipher text (everything except the $iv_size in the front)
    $ciphertext_dec = substr($ciphertext_dec, $iv_size);

    # may remove 00h valued characters from end of plain text
    $plaintext_dec = mcrypt_decrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, $key,
                                    $ciphertext_dec, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv_dec);
   
    echo  $plaintext_dec . "\n";
?>

Deprecated features in PHP 5.4.x

mcrypt_generic_end

(PHP 4 >= 4.0.2, PHP 5 <= 5.1.6)
mcrypt_generic_end — This function terminates encryption

Description ¶

bool mcrypt_generic_end ( resource $td )
Warning
This function is deprecated, use mcrypt_generic_deinit() instead. It can cause crashes when used with mcrypt_module_close() due to multiple buffer frees.
This function terminates encryption specified by the encryption descriptor (td). Actually it clears all buffers, and closes all the modules used. Returns FALSE on error, or TRUE on success.